Intelligent, responsive and bright, German shepherds are a delight to train. As long as they are well bred and socialized early, they can be some of the most easy-going, friendly and playful dogs. German shepherds are also loyal and highly protective of their owners and property; if threatened, they will not retreat.

Breed-related concerns
Every dog breed carries a distinct set of genetic advantages and health risk factors. The following are the most common diseases found in the German shepherd breed. Hopefully, your German shepherd will not face these problems. However, early detection and preventive healthcare can make all the difference in helping your dog live a longer, happier life (see breed-related disease descriptions below).

Puppy (birth to 1 year)

• Developmental bone/joint disease
• Fear-induced aggression

Adult (1 to 6 years)

• Chronic diarrhea
• Pannus
• Perianal fistula
• Pyoderma

Senior (7 years and older)

• Hemangiosarcoma
• Hind limb weakness

Breed-related disease descriptions
Listed in alphabetical order
Chronic diarrhea. Loose stool that has persisted for more than two to three weeks. May be accompanied by vomiting and weight loss. Causes include ingestion of toxins, intestinal parasites, intestinal infections, digestive enzyme deficiency, food allergies, inflammatory bowel disease, hormonal abnormalities, liver or kidney disease and intestinal cancer.

Developmental bone/joint disease. Affects predominantly young, large-breed dogs. Dogs may show no signs or may show pain, lameness, and reluctance to exercise. With hip dysplasia, there may be muscle wasting in the hind legs.

Fear-induced aggression. A pet that growls and snaps when afraid thinks he is fighting for his life. Because of a combination of genetic tendencies, early experience, and sometimes abuse, the dog that cannot escape will attack. During the growling, snapping or attack, the dog shows fear postures such as crouching with his tail between his legs.

Hemangiosarcoma. Cancer of the cells lining the inside of blood vessels. Affects mainly the skin, heart, liver and spleen. Symptoms include weakness, a distended abdomen, sudden collapse and pale gums.

Hind limb weakness. Weakness and sometimes a lack of coordination or wobbliness affecting the rear limbs. Causes include slipped disc, degeneration of the bones of the spine and degeneration of the spinal cord.

Hypothyroidism. Insufficient thyroid hormone production caused by disease of the thyroid glands. Symptoms include hair loss, obesity, lethargy, cold intolerance and skin infections.

Pannus. Inflammation and discoloration of the cornea (window of the eye). Signs include pink to black growths over the front of the eye, squinting, excessive tearing or eye discharge, eye redness, rubbing or pawing at the eyes and impaired vision.

Perianal fistula. Abscesses and ulcers that form around the anus. Signs may include frequent licking around the anus, pain on defecation, straining excessively to defecate, blood in the stool and a foul-smelling discharge coming from sores around the anus.

Pyoderma. Recurring bacterial infection of the skin, often with the presence of pus. The underlying cause is thought to be an immune system deficiency. Signs include scratching, skin redness, pimples, sores, scabs and areas of hair loss. The skin may be painful and some pets may be lethargic and lose their appetites.

Help your dog live a longer, healthier life. Ask your veterinarian about a
breed-related preventive health plan.

Yorkshire terriers are energetic toy dogs, assertive and demanding by nature. Very bright and quick to learn, they prefer to rule the house. They get along well with other pets, and are best with children they've grown up with from an early age.

Breed-related concerns
Every dog breed carries a distinct set of genetic advantages and health risk factors. The following are the most common diseases found in the Yorkshire Terrier breed. Hopefully, your Yorkshire Terrier will not face these problems. However, early detection and preventive healthcare can make all the difference in helping your dog live a longer, happier life (see breed-related disease descriptions below).

Puppy (birth to 1 year)

• Retained deciduous teeth
• Portosystemic shunt
• Juvenile hypoglycemia

Adult (1 to 6 years)

• Tracheal collapse
• Patella luxation
• Bladder stones
• Pancreatitis

Senior (7 years and older)

• Progressive retinal atrophy

Breed-related disease descriptions
Listed in alphabetical order
Bladder stones. May be due to bladder infection or abnormal excretion of minerals by the kidneys. Signs may include increased frequency of urination, straining or inability to urinate and blood in the urine.

Juvenile hypoglycemia. Low blood sugar seen in young, small breeds of dogs. Symptoms include weakness, seizures, blindness and occasionally death.

Pancreatitis. Inflammation of the pancreas. Often occurs secondary to dietary indiscretion (eating garbage) or ingestion of a fatty meal. Signs include lethargy, loss of appetite, vomiting, diarrhea and a painful tummy.

Patella luxation. Misalignment of the kneecaps resulting in intermittent dislocation, pain and lameness. Symptoms include reluctance to exercise and lameness of hind legs.

Portosystemic shunt. A disease caused by abnormal blood flow, bypassing the liver, which leads to the build-up of toxins in the blood. Signs include changes in behavior, blindness, deafness, seizures, failure to thrive, excessive drinking and urinating, drooling, vomiting and diarrhea, and signs due to formation of bladder stones.

Progressive retinal atrophy (PRA). A disease of light sensitive cells in the back of the eye (retina) that causes progressive visual impairment leading to blindness. Signs may include night blindness, bumping into objects, dilated pupils, a shining appearance to the eyes, reluctance to exercise or play, or "clinginess."

Retained deciduous teeth. Delayed shedding of deciduous ("baby") teeth can obstruct and displace permanent teeth. This can cause food to become entrapped and, left untreated, can lead to periodontal disease.

Tracheal collapse. Recurrent narrowing or collapse of the windpipe. Signs may include cough (especially when excited or during exercise), difficulty breathing and wheezing. Cough often sounds harsh or like honking.

Help your dog live a longer, healthier life. Ask your veterinarian about a breed-related preventive health plan.

The smallest of all dog breeds, the tiny Chihuahua is sensitive and playful. While they are usually not the best choice for homes with small children, Chihuahuas are the perfect size for apartment lifestyles and make excellent companions for seniors, especially when trained and socialized early.

Breed-related concerns
Every dog breed carries a distinct set of genetic advantages and health risk factors. The following are the most common diseases found in the Chihuahua breed. Hopefully, your Chihuahua will not face these problems. However, early detection and preventive healthcare can make all the difference in helping your dog live a longer, happier life (see breed-related disease descriptions below).

Puppy (birth to 1 year)

• Retained deciduous teeth
• Juvenile hypoglycemia
• Hydrocephalus
• Cryptorchidism

Adult (1 to 6 years)

• Tracheal collapse
• Patella luxation
• Bladder stones
• Pancreatitis

Senior (7 years and older)

• Tracheal collapse
• Patella luxation

Breed-related disease descriptions
Listed in alphabetical order
Bladder stones. May be due to bladder infection or abnormal excretion of minerals by the kidneys. Signs may include increased frequency of urination, straining or inability to urinate, and blood in the urine.

Cryptorchidism One or both testicles fail to descend and are not present in the scrotum. Signs are often first detected during a routine physical exam. If not removed, undescended testicles are more likely to become cancerous or develop torsion.

Hydrocephalus. A build-up of fluid in the brain due to abnormal brain development or disease. Signs include changes in behavior, blindness, deafness, convulsions (seizures) and sometimes an enlarged or domed skull.

Juvenile hypoglycemia. Low blood sugar seen in young, small breeds of dogs. Symptoms include weakness, seizures, blindness and occasionally death.

Pancreatitis. Inflammation of the pancreas. Often occurs secondary to dietary indiscretion (eating garbage) or ingestion of a fatty meal. Signs include lethargy, loss of appetite, vomiting, diarrhea and a painful tummy.

Patella luxation. Misalignment of the kneecaps resulting in intermittent dislocation, pain and lameness. Symptoms include reluctance to exercise and lameness of hind legs.

Retained deciduous teeth. Delayed shedding of deciduous ("baby") teeth can obstruct and displace permanent teeth. This can cause food to become entrapped and, left untreated, can lead to periodontal disease.

Tracheal collapse. Recurrent narrowing or collapse of the windpipe. Signs may include cough (especially when excited or during exercise), difficulty breathing and wheezing. Cough often sounds harsh or like honking.

Help your dog live a longer, healthier life. Ask your veterinarian about a breed-related preventive health plan.

When well bred, the boxer is gentle, fun loving and energetic, and gets along well with adults and children. Boxers are often wary of strangers which makes them excellent watchdogs. They are often used for police and guard work. Playful and spirited, boxers are good jumpers and need daily exercise.

Breed-related concerns
Every dog breed carries a distinct set of genetic advantages and health risk factors. The following are the most common diseases found in the Boxer breed. Hopefully, your boxer will not face these problems. However, early detection and preventive healthcare can make all the difference in helping your dog live a longer, happier life (see breed-related disease descriptions below).

Puppy (birth to 1 year)

• Subaortic stenosis
• Developmental bone/joint disease

Adult (1 to 6 years)

• Colitis
• Dilated cardiomyopathy
• Corneal disease
• Cataracts
• Hypothyroidism

Senior (7 years and older)

• Cancer

Breed-related disease descriptions
Listed in alphabetical order
Cancer. An abnormal and uncontrolled growth of any cell type in the body. Signs caused by cancer of internal organs depends on which organ is affected but may include coughing, difficult or rapid breathing, sneezing, nasal discharge, difficulty eating, excessive drooling, bad breath, decreased appetite, vomiting, diarrhea, difficulty going to the bathroom, weight loss, convulsions, weakness and collapse.

Cataracts. Opacity (loss of clearness) of the lens of the eyeball. Signs may include cloudiness in the inside in the center of one or both eyes, poor vision or blindness.

Colitis. Diarrhea resulting from disease affecting the large intestine (colon). Causes include dietary indiscretion (eating garbage), ingestion of bones, ingestion of toxins, intestinal parasites, intestinal infections, intestinal inflammation (enteritis), inflammation of the pancreas and intestinal cancer. Signs include straining to defecate, blood and mucus in the stool and increased frequency of bowel movements.

Corneal disease. The cornea is the front, clear window of the eye. A variety of diseases can affect the clearness of the cornea and also cause eye pain. Signs may include squinting or frequent blinking, rubbing eyes, excessive tearing or discharge from the eyes or bloodshot eye.

Developmental bone/joint disease. Affects predominantly young, large-breed dogs. Dogs may show no signs or may show pain, lameness, and reluctance to exercise. With hip dysplasia, there may be muscle wasting in the hind legs.

Dilated cardiomyopathy. Disease of the heart muscle. Early signs are a decrease in ability or willingness to exercise. Later signs may include abdominal distension, variable appetite, weight loss, coughing, fast or difficult breathing, and even episodes of collapse or fainting. In some cases, sudden death may occur.

Hypothyroidism. Insufficient thyroid hormone production caused by disease of the thyroid glands. Symptoms include hair loss, obesity, lethargy, cold intolerance and skin infections.

Subaortic stenosis. Birth defect resulting in narrowing of the aorta (main vessel leaving the heart) where it exits the heart. Signs may include sudden death at early age and a murmur may be heard during a physical exam.

Help your dog live a longer, healthier life. Ask your veterinarian about a
breed-related preventive health plan.

With its happy, outgoing and affectionate disposition, the Shih Tzu gets along well with children, other animals and strangers. Shih Tzus are responsive to gentle obedience training and enjoy daily walks. Their small size and huggable nature makes them ideal lapdog companions and well suited to apartment lifestyles.

Breed-related concerns
Every dog breed carries a distinct set of genetic advantages and health risk factors. The following are the most common diseases found in the Shih Tzu breed. Hopefully, your Shih Tzu will not face these problems. However, early detection and preventive healthcare can make all the difference in helping your dog live a longer, happier life (see breed-related disease descriptions below).

Puppy (birth to 1 year)

• Tear staining
• Renal dysplasia
• Brachycephalic airway disease
• Portosystemic shunt

Adult (1 to 6 years)

• Intervertebral disc disease
• Bladder stones
• Corneal disease

Senior (7 years and older)

• None listed

Breed-related disease descriptions
Listed in alphabetical order
Bladder stones. May be due to bladder infection or abnormal excretion of minerals by the kidneys. Signs may include increased frequency of urination, straining or inability to urinate, and blood in the urine.

Brachycephalic airway disease. Common in dog breeds with short noses. Abnormalities include narrow nostril openings, abnormally long soft palate, abnormal voice box (larynx) and a small windpipe. Signs include noisy and difficult breathing, snoring, reluctance or inability to exercise, blue membranes and collapsing episodes.

Corneal disease. The cornea is the front, clear window of the eye. A variety of diseases can affect the clearness of the cornea and also cause eye pain. Signs may include squinting or frequent blinking, rubbing eyes, excessive tearing or discharge from the eyes or bloodshot eye.

Intervertebral disc disease (IVDD). Slipping of the discs in between the bones of the spine. Signs include back or neck pain with or without weakness and wobbliness, and sometimes paralysis of the back legs or both the front and back legs.

Portosystemic shunt. A disease caused by abnormal blood flow bypassing the liver that leads to the build-up of toxins in the blood. Signs include changes in behavior, blindness, deafness, seizures, failure to thrive, excessive drinking and urinating, drooling, vomiting and diarrhea, and signs due to formation of bladder stones.

Renal dysplasia. Inherited abnormal kidney development leading to kidney failure. Signs may include increased thirst and urination, loss of appetite, vomiting, diarrhea, weight loss and stunted growth.

Tear staining. Wetness and discoloration of facial hair from tear overflow (epiphora). Most commonly seen in the corner of the eye near the nose.

Help your dog live a longer, healthier life. Ask your veterinarian about a breed-related preventive health plan.

Originally bred by Roman cattle drovers to herd cattle to market, the Rottweiler is protective, powerful and courageous. When properly trained and socialized, Rottweilers are confident and calm. However, the right training is extremely important if they will be around young children, small dogs or cats.

Breed-related concerns
Every dog breed carries a distinct set of genetic advantages and health risk factors. The following are the most common diseases found in the Rottweiler breed. Hopefully, your rottweiler will not face these problems. However, early detection and preventive healthcare can make all the difference in helping your dog live a longer, happier life (see breed-related disease descriptions below).

Puppy (birth to 1 year)

• Developmental bone/joint disease
• Dominance aggression
• Subaortic stenosis

Adult (1 to 6 years)

• Hypothyroidism
• Gastric-dilation volvulus (bloat)
• Lymphoma

Senior (7 years and older)

• Osteosarcoma

Breed-related disease descriptions
Listed in alphabetical order
Developmental bone/joint disease. Affects predominantly young, large-breed dogs. Dogs may show no signs or may show pain, lameness, and reluctance to exercise. With hip dysplasia, there may be muscle wasting in the hind legs.

Dominance aggression. This is a complex and dangerous behavior condition in which the dog reacts to a conflict situation with a known family member by turning aggressive. This may include only aggressive threats such as growling, posturing or snapping, but often includes a serious bite to a family member. Once this condition has been present for several months or longer, and if a serious bite has occurred, it is very difficult to reverse.

Gastric dilation-volvulus (bloat). A sudden, life-threatening condition due to abnormal twisting of the stomach. Signs include dramatic abdominal distention (bloating), attempts to vomit (with nothing brought up), pain in the abdomen, weakness and collapse (shock).

Hypothyroidism. Insufficient thyroid hormone production caused by disease of the thyroid glands. Symptoms include hair loss, obesity, lethargy, cold intolerance and skin infections.

Lymphoma. A cancer of the immune system cells. Signs may include enlarged lymph glands, loss of appetite, vomiting, diarrhea, weight loss, lethargy and increased thirst and urination.

Osteosarcoma. A form of bone cancer usually seen in the leg bones of many large-breed dogs. Signs may include leg pain, leg swelling and lameness. Sometimes the first sign of an osteosarcoma may be when the dog breaks its leg.

Subaortic stenosis. Birth defect resulting in narrowing of the aorta (main vessel leaving the heart) where it exits the heart. Signs may include sudden death at early age and a murmur may be heard during a physical exam.

Help your dog live a longer, healthier life. Ask your veterinarian about a
breed-related preventive health plan.

One of the smallest of breeds, the Pomeranian makes up for its size in spunkiness and spirit. Pomeranians may try to dominate other dogs, be leery of strangers, and guard their toys and food bowl. With early socialization and proper training, they make loyal adult companions and fit well with apartment life.

Breed-related concerns
Every dog breed carries a distinct set of genetic advantages and health risk factors. The following are the most common diseases found in the Pomeranian breed. Hopefully, your Pomeranian will not face these problems. However, early detection and preventive healthcare can make all the difference in helping your dog live a longer, happier life (see breed-related disease descriptions below).

Puppy (birth to 1 year)

• Retained deciduous teeth

Adult (1 to 6 years)

• Adrenal sex hormone alopecia
• Tracheal collapse
• Patella luxation

Senior (7 years and older)

• None listed

Breed-related disease descriptions
Listed in alphabetical order
Adrenal sex hormone alopecia. A fuzzy, thin hair coat and hair loss of unknown cause. May be due to hormone imbalances. Signs may include hair loss affecting the main part of the body, the neck and hind legs, dark skin (hyperpigmentation) and a fuzzy-appearing hair coat.

Patella luxation. Misalignment of the kneecaps resulting in intermittent dislocation, pain and lameness. Symptoms include reluctance to exercise and lameness of the hind legs.

Retained deciduous teeth. Delayed shedding of deciduous ("baby") teeth can obstruct and displace permanent teeth. This can cause food to become entrapped and, left untreated, can lead to periodontal disease.

Tracheal collapse. Recurrent narrowing or collapse of the windpipe. Signs may include cough (especially when excited or during exercise), difficulty breathing and wheezing. Cough often sounds harsh or like honking.

Help your dog live a longer, healthier life. Ask your veterinarian about a breed-related preventive health plan.

The miniature schnauzer is spirited, intelligent and obedient. They like children and are friendly to other animals, which makes them a good addition to the family. Miniature schnauzers typically enjoy training, learn quickly and respond well, particularly when young. And they love long walks.

Breed-related concerns
Every dog breed carries a distinct set of genetic advantages and health risk factors. The following are the most common diseases found in the Miniature Schnauzer breed. Hopefully, your miniature schnauzer will not face these problems. However, early detection and preventive healthcare can make all the difference in helping your dog live a longer, happier life (see breed-related disease descriptions below).

Puppy (birth to 1 year)

• Portosystemic shunt

Adult (1 to 6 years)

• Bladder stones
• Comedone syndrome
• Pancreatitis
• Hyperlipidemia
• Progressive retinal atrophy
• Cataracts

Senior (7 years and older)

• None listed

Breed-related disease descriptions
Listed in alphabetical order
Bladder stones. May be due to bladder infection or abnormal excretion of minerals by the kidneys. Signs may include increased frequency of urination, straining or inability to urinate and blood in the urine.

Cataracts. Opacity (loss of clearness) of the lens of the eyeball. Signs may include cloudiness in the inside in the center of one or both eyes, poor vision or blindness.

Comedone syndrome. Numerous blackheads, primarily on the back. Skin is prone to bacterial infection. Signs include multiple blackheads, acne-like signs (small swellings with redness, pimples), variable hair thinning or hair loss. The area affected may become itchy if infected.

Hyperlipidemia. Persistently high levels of fat in the blood, which may cause pancreatitis, convulsions or eye disease. Signs may include lethargy, loss of appetite, vomiting, diarrhea, a painful tummy, seizures and white discoloration of the eye.

Pancreatitis. Inflammation of the pancreas. Often occurs secondary to dietary indiscretion (eating garbage) or ingestion of a fatty meal. Signs include lethargy, loss of appetite, vomiting, diarrhea and a painful tummy.

Portosystemic shunt. A disease caused by abnormal blood flow, bypassing the liver, which leads to the build-up of toxins in the blood. Signs include changes in behavior, blindness, deafness, seizures, failure to thrive, excessive drinking and urinating, drooling, vomiting and diarrhea, and signs due to formation of bladder stones.

Progressive retinal atrophy (PRA). A disease of light sensitive cells in the back of the eye (retina) that causes progressive visual impairment leading to blindness. Signs may include night blindness, bumping into objects, dilated pupils, a shining appearance to the eyes, reluctance to exercise or play, or "clinginess."

Help your dog live a longer, healthier life. Ask your veterinarian about a breed-related preventive health plan.

When properly bred, the American cocker spaniel is a delightful addition to the family, friendly, playful and easy to train. Unfortunately, some American cocker spaniels are bred carelessly, which results in an aggressive nature, difficult to train and intolerant of children. It's important to choose a cocker spaniel from a reputable breeder.

Breed-related concerns
Every dog breed carries a distinct set of genetic advantages and health risk factors. The following are the most common diseases found in the American Cocker Spaniel breed. Hopefully, your American cocker spaniel will not face these problems. However, early detection and preventive healthcare can make all the difference in helping your dog live a longer, happier life (see breed-related disease descriptions below).

Puppy (birth to 1 year)

• Fear-induced aggression
• von Willebrand's disease

Adult (1 to 6 years)

• Otitis externa
• Autoimmune hemolytic anemia
• Immune-mediated thrombocytopenia
• Corneal disease
• Hypothyroidism
• Progressive retinal atrophy
• Cataracts

Senior (7 years and older)

• None listed

Breed-related disease descriptions
Listed in alphabetical order
Autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA). Immune system destruction of the body's own red blood cells leading to anemia. Signs may include loss of appetite, vomiting, weakness, pale gums, lethargy and collapse.

Cataracts. Opacity (loss of clearness) of the lens of the eyeball. Signs may include cloudiness in the inside in the center of one or both eyes, poor vision or blindness.

Corneal disease. The cornea is the front, clear window of the eye. A variety of diseases can affect the clearness of the cornea and also cause eye pain. Signs may include squinting or frequent blinking, rubbing eyes, excessive tearing or discharge from the eyes or bloodshot eye.

Fear-induced aggression. A pet that growls and snaps when afraid thinks he is fighting for his life. Because of a combination of genetic tendencies, early experience, and sometimes abuse, the dog that cannot escape will attack. During the growling, snapping or attack, the dog shows fear postures such as crouching with his tail between his legs.

Hypothyroidism. Insufficient thyroid hormone production caused by disease of the thyroid glands. Symptoms include hair loss, obesity, lethargy, cold intolerance and skin infections.

Immune mediated thrombocytopenia (IMT). Immune system destruction of the body's own platelets (blood clotting cells) leading to abnormal bleeding. Signs may include lethargy, decreased appetite, pinpoint blood spots on the skin and gums, bleeding from the nose, blood in the urine or feces and pale gums.

Otitis externa. Infection or inflammation of the ear canal. Signs may include smelly ears, head shaking, scratching and rubbing of ears, discharge from ears and pain on touching around the ears.

Progressive retinal atrophy (PRA). A disease of light sensitive cells in the back of the eye (retina) that causes progressive visual impairment leading to blindness. Signs may include night blindness, bumping into objects, dilated pupils, a shining appearance to the eyes, reluctance to exercise or play, or "clinginess."

von Willebrand's Disease. An inherited disorder causing delayed blood clotting, which can result in abnormal bleeding. May be first noticed during teething, or spay or neuter surgery.

Help your dog live a longer, healthier life. Ask your veterinarian about a breed-related preventive health plan.

The pug is a delightful companion, affectionate, playful, outgoing and extremely responsive. Originally bred in ancient China, the breed was prized by royalty for its loyal and loving nature. Pugs are very bright and learn quickly. They are typically friendly with children and strangers, and tend to get along well with other animals.

Breed-related concerns
Every dog breed carries a distinct set of genetic advantages and health risk factors. The following are the most common diseases found in the Pug breed. Hopefully, your pug will not face these problems. However, early detection and preventive healthcare can make all the difference in helping your dog live a longer, happier life (see breed-related disease descriptions below).

Puppy (birth to 1 year)

• Brachycephalic airway disease
• Demodicosis

Adult (1 to 6 years)

• Corneal disease
• Patella luxation
• Skin-fold dermatitis
• Pug encephalitis

Senior (7 years and older)

• None listed

Breed-related disease descriptions
Listed in alphabetical order
Brachycephalic airway disease. Common in dog breeds with short noses. Abnormalities include narrow nostril openings, abnormally long soft palate, abnormal voice box (larynx), and a small windpipe. Signs include noisy and difficult breathing, snoring, reluctance or inability to exercise, blue membranes, and collapsing episodes.

Corneal disease. The cornea is the front, clear window of the eye. A variety of diseases can affect the clearness of the cornea and also cause eye pain. Signs may include squinting or frequent blinking, rubbing eyes, excessive tearing or discharge from the eyes or bloodshot eye.

Demodicosis. Dermatitis (skin inflammation) caused by a parasite, the Demodex mite. Signs include patchy to widespread hair loss, change in skin color (may be pink, red and sometimes even dark), scaliness and crusting.

Patella luxation. Misalignment of the kneecaps resulting in intermittent dislocation, pain and lameness. Symptoms include reluctance to exercise and lameness of hind legs.

Pug encephalitis. Progressive and fatal inflammation of the brain of pug dogs. The cause is unknown. Signs include depression, lethargy, abnormal behavior, blindness and convulsions.

Skin fold dermatitis. Inflammation of skin due to rubbing and infection of skin folds. Signs may include redness, odor, crusting and sores in skin folds.

Help your dog live a longer, healthier life. Ask your veterinarian about a breed-related preventive health plan.

With so many positive qualities, it's little wonder that Labrador retrievers are one of the most popular choices of pet owners. Kindhearted and friendly to humans and animals, they love children. They are also extremely intelligent and very trainable.

Breed-related concerns
Every dog breed carries a distinct set of genetic advantages and health risk factors. The following are the most common diseases found in the Labrador Retriever breed. Hopefully, your Labrador retriever will not face these problems. However, early detection and preventive healthcare can make all the difference in helping your dog live a longer, happier life (see breed-related disease descriptions below).

Puppy (birth to 1 year)

• Developmental bone/joint disease
• Tricuspid dysplasia
• Retinal dysplasia

Adult (1 to 6 years)

• Hypothyroidism
• Progressive retinal atrophy
• Allergic dermatitis
• Otitis externa
• Hepatitis

Senior (7 years and older)

• Laryngeal paralysis

Breed-related disease descriptions
Listed in alphabetical order
Allergic dermatitis. Skin inflammation due to an allergic reaction to inhaled dust or pollen, food, fleas, or something in contact with the skin. Itchiness, scratching, rubbing, excessive grooming and licking are the main signs.

Developmental bone/joint disease. Affects predominantly young, large-breed dogs. Dogs may show no signs or may show pain, lameness, and reluctance to exercise. With hip dysplasia, there may be muscle wasting in the hind legs.

Hepatitis. Inflammation of the liver. Signs include lethargy, decreased appetite, vomiting, weight loss, jaundice (yellow discoloration of the skin and membranes), and sometimes a distended abdomen.

Hypothyroidism. Insufficient thyroid hormone production caused by disease of the thyroid glands. Symptoms include hair loss, obesity, lethargy, cold intolerance and skin infections.

Laryngeal paralysis. Paralysis of the vocal cords of the voice box or larynx, so that they are unable to open normally during breathing. Signs include a voice change, unwillingness to exercise, difficulty breathing, noisy breathing and blue color in the gums.

Otitis externa. Infection or inflammation of the ear canal. Signs may include smelly ears, head shaking, scratching and rubbing of ears, discharge from ears and pain on touching around the ears.

Progressive retinal atrophy (PRA). A disease of light sensitive cells in the back of the eye (retina) that causes progressive visual impairment leading to blindness. Signs include night blindness, bumping into objects, dilated pupils, a shining appearance to the eyes and reluctance to exercise or play.

Retinal dysplasia. An inherited birth defect of the retina (back of the eye). Signs may include impaired vision or even blindness.

Tricuspid dysplasia. Birth defect in which the tricuspid heart valve is abnormal. Puppies often have no signs of illness with a murmur being detected on routine physical examination, but signs may include failure to thrive, exercise intolerance and fluid build-up causing abdominal distension.

Help your dog live a longer, healthier life. Ask your veterinarian about a breed-related preventive health plan.

One of the brightest breeds, poodles are energetic, playful and affectionate. Toy and miniature poodles tend to be more reserved than standard poodles, particularly around strangers and children. They are, however, easy to train and readily adapt to city life when they get plenty of exercise and social interaction.

Breed-related concerns
Every dog breed carries a distinct set of genetic advantages and health risk factors. The following are the most common diseases found in the Toy and Miniature Poodle breeds. Hopefully, your toy or miniature poodle will not face these problems. However, early detection and preventive healthcare can make all the difference in helping your dog live a longer, happier life (see breed-related disease descriptions below).

Puppy (birth to 1 year)

• Tear staining
• Patent ductus arteriosis

Adult (1 to 6 years)

• Bladder stones
• Patella luxation
• Tracheal collapse
• Cataracts
• Progressive retinal atrophy

Senior (7 years and older)

• Cushing's syndrome
• Diabetes mellitus

Breed-related disease descriptions
Listed in alphabetical order
Bladder stones. May be due to bladder infection or abnormal excretion of minerals by the kidneys. Signs may include increased frequency of urination, straining or inability to urinate, and blood in the urine.

Cataracts. Opacity (loss of clearness) of the lens of the eyeball. Signs may include cloudiness in the inside in the center of one or both eyes. Poor vision or blindness.

Cushing's syndrome. Caused by excessive cortisol production by the adrenal glands. Signs include increased thirst and urinination, increased appetite, weight gain, distended abdomen, hair loss and skin infections.

Diabetes mellitus. Insufficient insulin resulting in high blood sugar (glucose) levels with resultant spilling of glucose into the urine. Signs include lethargy, increased drinking and urinating, increased appetite, weight loss and cataract formation. Diabetes mellitus can, if untreated, lead to vomiting, diarrhea, dehydration, collapse and death.

Patella luxation. Misalignment of the kneecaps resulting in intermittent dislocation, pain and lameness. Symptoms include reluctance to exercise and lameness of hind legs.

Patent ductus arteriosis. Birth defect in which there is an abnormal connection between the two major blood vessels taking blood away from the heart (the pulmonary artery and the aorta).

Progressive retinal atrophy (PRA). A disease of light sensitive cells in the back of the eye (retina) that causes progressive visual impairment leading to blindness. Signs may include night blindness, bumping into objects, dilated pupils, a shining appearance to the eyes, reluctance to exercise or play, or "clinginess."

Tear staining. Wetness and discoloration of facial hair from tear overflow (epiphora). Most commonly seen in the corner of the eye near the nose.

Tracheal collapse. Recurrent narrowing or collapse of the windpipe. Signs may include cough (especially when excited or during exercise), difficulty breathing and wheezing. Cough often sounds harsh or like honking.

Help your dog live a longer, healthier life. Ask your veterinarian about a breed-related preventive health plan.

One of the brightest breeds, poodles are energetic, playful and affectionate. Toy and miniature poodles tend to be more reserved than standard poodles, particularly around strangers and children. They are, however, easy to train and readily adapt to city life when they get plenty of exercise and social interaction.

Breed-related concerns
Every dog breed carries a distinct set of genetic advantages and health risk factors. The following are the most common diseases found in the Toy and Miniature Poodle breeds. Hopefully, your toy or miniature poodle will not face these problems. However, early detection and preventive healthcare can make all the difference in helping your dog live a longer, happier life (see breed-related disease descriptions below).

Puppy (birth to 1 year)

• Tear staining
• Patent ductus arteriosis

Adult (1 to 6 years)

• Bladder stones
• Patella luxation
• Tracheal collapse
• Cataracts
• Progressive retinal atrophy

Senior (7 years and older)

• Cushing's syndrome
• Diabetes mellitus

Breed-related disease descriptions
Listed in alphabetical order
Bladder stones. May be due to bladder infection or abnormal excretion of minerals by the kidneys. Signs may include increased frequency of urination, straining or inability to urinate, and blood in the urine.

Cataracts. Opacity (loss of clearness) of the lens of the eyeball. Signs may include cloudiness in the inside in the center of one or both eyes. Poor vision or blindness.

Cushing's syndrome. Caused by excessive cortisol production by the adrenal glands. Signs include increased thirst and urinination, increased appetite, weight gain, distended abdomen, hair loss and skin infections.

Diabetes mellitus. Insufficient insulin resulting in high blood sugar (glucose) levels with resultant spilling of glucose into the urine. Signs include lethargy, increased drinking and urinating, increased appetite, weight loss and cataract formation. Diabetes mellitus can, if untreated, lead to vomiting, diarrhea, dehydration, collapse and death.

Patella luxation. Misalignment of the kneecaps resulting in intermittent dislocation, pain and lameness. Symptoms include reluctance to exercise and lameness of hind legs.

Patent ductus arteriosis. Birth defect in which there is an abnormal connection between the two major blood vessels taking blood away from the heart (the pulmonary artery and the aorta).

Progressive retinal atrophy (PRA). A disease of light sensitive cells in the back of the eye (retina) that causes progressive visual impairment leading to blindness. Signs may include night blindness, bumping into objects, dilated pupils, a shining appearance to the eyes, reluctance to exercise or play, or "clinginess."

Tear staining. Wetness and discoloration of facial hair from tear overflow (epiphora). Most commonly seen in the corner of the eye near the nose.

Tracheal collapse. Recurrent narrowing or collapse of the windpipe. Signs may include cough (especially when excited or during exercise), difficulty breathing and wheezing. Cough often sounds harsh or like honking.

Help your dog live a longer, healthier life. Ask your veterinarian about a breed-related preventive health plan.

Not everybody wants or needs a pedigree dog. That's one of the reasons why mixed breed dogs have always been (and most likely will remain) so popular among dog lovers. These dogs are truly one-of-a-kind with individual markings, personalities and qualities all their own.

When it comes to loyal companionship, the mixed breed dog is practically an American legend. Perhaps the most important thing to remember if you're considering a mixed breed puppy is that it may be difficult to determine its full-grown size. On the other hand, mixed breed puppies and dogs typically cost much less initially than a purebred.

Breed-related concerns
Every dog breed carries a distinct set of genetic advantages and health risk factors. The most common diseases found in mixed breeds, as well as problems that can affect all breeds, both mixed and pure, are listed below. Hopefully, your dog will not face these problems. However, early detection and preventive healthcare can make all the difference in helping your dog live a longer, happier life.

Puppy (birth to 1 year)

• Behavioral problems
• External parasites
• Vomiting and/or diarrhea

Adult (1 to 6 years)

• Anal sac disease
• Conjunctivitis
• Cruciate ligament injury
• Dental disease
• Dermatitis
• Idiopathic epilepsy
• Otitis externa

Senior (7 years and older)

• Arthritis
• Cancer
• Cognitive dysfunction
• Dilated cardiomyopathy (large breeds)
• Kidney disease
• Liver disease
• Valvular heart disease (small breeds)

Help your dog live a longer, healthier life. Ask your veterinarian about a breed-related preventive health plan.